Bus Priority Using pre-signals

The need to provide efficient public transport services in urban areas has led to the implementation of bus priority measures in many congested cities. Much interest has recently centred on priority at signal controlled junctions, including the concept of pre-signals, where traffic signals are installed at or near the end of a with-flow bus lane to provide buses with priority access to the downstream junction. Although a number of pre-signals have now been installed in the U.K., particularly in London, there has been very little published research into their design, operation and optimisation. This paper addresses these points through the development of analytical procedures which allow pre-implementation evaluation of specific categories of pre-signals. The paper initially sets out three categories of pre-signal, which have different operating characteristics, different requirements for signalling and different impacts on capacity and delay. Key issues concerning signalling arrangements for these categories are then discussed, together with a summary of the analytical approach adopted and the assumptions required. Equations are developed to allow appropriate signal timings to be calculated for pre-signalised intersections. Further equations are then developed to enable delays to priority and non-priority traffic, with and without pre-signals, to be estimated with delay being taken here as the key performance criterion. The paper concludes with three application examples illustrating how the equations are applied and the impacts of pre-signals in different situations.The analyses confirm the potential benefits of pre-signals, where these signals apply to non-priority traffic only. Where buses are also subject to a pre-signal, it is shown that disbenefits to buses can often occur, unless bus detectors are used to gain priority signalling.     

高速公路常发性交通拥挤路段实时判定与跟踪研究

提出的自动判定和实时跟踪高速公路常发性拥挤路段的方法包含3个算法：①路段平均车速算法；②交通流区段类型判定算法；③排队类型判定算法。考虑采用两个前后相邻车辆检测站之间的路段平均车速来实时判定和跟踪常发性交通拥挤路段的情况，使得模型所提供的信息更能反映路段的真实交通状况。采用路段平均车速的方法克服了目前采用点速度来跟踪车队方法的局限性，并且采用“客观”标定临界车速作为基于现场数据判定车队状态的一种方法。     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.     

公路平面信号交叉口左转车道长度设计

平面交叉口作为道路系统的一个重要组成部分,其服务水平的好坏对整个道路系统的安全和效率有着重要的影响。因为来自不同方向的车流在此处合流、分流和交叉,其中频繁的左转车辆阻碍直行车流的行驶,降低了交叉口的通行能力,增加了交叉口的延误,并增大交通事故率。如果合理设置左转车道能够有效地将左转车辆从直行车流中分离出来,减小车流速度方差,并降低追尾事故的发生;而左转车道,长度的设计是设置左转车道的关键元素,本文主要是针对信号交叉口选取适当的设计指标建立模型,并通过TSIS软件进行仿真分析,得出专用左转相位下的左转车道排队长度,进而计算出左转车道的设计长度。     

城市高架路下匝道衔接道路通行能力研究

在分析道路衔接的构造特性及交通流特性基础上,采用回归分析技术及可接受间隙理论,综合考虑车辆驶离匝道后汇入地面道路、完成交织运行、顺利进入交叉口的运行过程,从系统的角度构建下匝道衔接道路的通行能力模型.结合实际调查数据,通过与Vissim仿真值进行比较,对模型的正确性进行了验证,结果表明模型是有效的.     

车辆移动监控系统并发调度机制的研究

在车辆移动监控系统运行过程中,监控中心将同时接收到从不同车载终端发送过来的大量信息,这些信息分别对应着不同的事件。监控中心如何针对这些事件,及时做出不同的响应和处理是极为重要的。在对监控中心并发处理的性能要求进行分析的基础上,提出了优先数事件队列算法来实现车辆监控中心的并发调度机制,并给出了算法实现。     

信号交叉口增量延误分析

为了对交通信号控制参数进行优化,需对交叉口延误进行定量分析与计算.对已有的平面信号交叉口增量延误模型提出了改进,并且对该模型进行了校正.针对交叉口处于非饱和与过饱和状态下的交通状况,用排队论分析并推导了交叉口增量延误公式.其结果既完善了现有的延误计算理论,又可为设置信号相位提供理论依据.     

高速公路主线流量对入口加速车道设计影响分析

提出了以高速公路加速车道合流等待理论为基础的加速车道长度设计方法和以排队论为孤入口匝道交通控制方法。这些方法克服了传统方法中忽视主线交通量的情况，特别是在主线较 挤的条件下加速车道上排队的情况，地正确地设计加速车道长度，避免交通拥挤和 交通事故有一定的理论意义。     

基于响应时间的时隙需求与仿真分析

响应时间是描述数据链网络实时性以及分析网络能否满足作战要求的重要指标,其大小与分配的时隙数量有关。文章针对随机性消息的特点,运用排队论研究了时分多址数据链网络满足实时性要求的时隙需求,并构建了作战平台消息的产生、排队等候及发送过程的仿真模型。结果表明,理论计算与仿真结果得到的平均响应时间基本吻合,但仿真显示,不同消息的响应时间相差较大,有些消息甚至不能满足作战要求。所以,时隙需求数量必须进行仿真验证并据此进行调整,以获得最佳的分配方案。文章给出的时隙需求分析理论及仿真平台能用于数据链网络设计及仿真验证工作。     

集装箱港区排队缓冲区交通设计研究

通过分析研究国内外集装箱港区排队缓冲区形式,提出了排队缓冲区分类方法以及功能组成结构,并在大型车辆外廓尺寸和转弯半径研究基础上,创新性地对减速换道功能区、临时等候功能区和排队检查功能区的交通设计内容及方法展开研究。